3 x' M0 ]2 F; _& i- H% I
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">秘书写作, $ \0 r7 l+ `7 l: f7 y* S& ]
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">应有较强的思想哲理性, $ M. G7 W, u5 i0 Q; G, r% U# m" d
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:* D2 `2 E0 j* y+ U; B X2 V+ R
"Times New Roman"">其思路的基本点是回答是什么、为什么、怎么办等的连锁问题, % K; K! d! O1 R U6 C4 l ^9 K" X
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因而又有很强的逻辑性,5 @2 y# s" ]! d) Z0 z1 H
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
4 f: U; W( Y9 H" `. Y0 X"Times New Roman"">是逻辑思维能力的集中体现。 D! V3 _9 m1 y1 P
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8 e( L4 a+ h) [( e0 R. V. z! C& T+ D% h2 N' v/ Hmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">结构, 1 P( i- z) P$ F: t宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是文章内容得以完美反映的表现手段, 0 O" c' M' N7 q' k
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:7 Y7 H; G* j9 t# h; k2 ]$ x
"Times New Roman"">它不仅是谋篇布局的技巧问题,
- `9 E3 P' o3 U: _3 ?! y3 @' z% [ Z. y! [2 X# ^; n
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而且是反映客观事物的思想方法, : v- b1 H) W- x; B
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">是唯物辩证法认识论和方法论的综合体现。文章和谐统一的审美效应, . V/ U- I) z# p: g: D) U8 n8 F/ C
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:0 a0 z6 \' j `% A7 m' e
"Times New Roman"">首先来自思想, ; F" n1 D$ h1 F: J
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而作文运思是有一定规则可循的, L# N6 \' r) a- h+ K2 R# q8 X宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">本文主要针对议论性文体的主体部分谈谈逻辑结构的问题。
: ]1 |. m$ D3 R. x! W$ l, O% H4 F2 {0 z" x( n) k0 y1 Z
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宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果关系、由因揭果、由果溯因,5 h- O' u. [" O0 {4 f$ a# O
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"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的因果联系中结构
9 ~8 J, |6 i5 Z- n P+ u& c Q' U6 r
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; M, f, D7 W) Y% [mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万物处于普遍联系中, - J% y p5 A, k& V7 s2 y宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果联系最常见。“ % ?8 n5 L" ]3 P2 ~. N
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">安全正点” . o3 ~; D- U7 M0 b# n宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">与“ - M& ^, m3 S1 P" w- P) Q6 _
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">多拉快跑” , v9 p( L) G0 Q
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就具有因果联系, , s" a. G+ Q. D( P7 Cfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
4 L0 ~4 r5 f! V0 z3 x6 e3 d D+ n% @' n4 `"Times New Roman"">前者为因, & t3 E2 @( {* n
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后者为果。对问题型主题进行思考, 8 t) _* K }4 p# ^& B
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
. L, j+ t* D1 A" G"Times New Roman"">实质是寻求事物间的因果关联,
& e3 d& H8 o% \6 K2 W6 h* P) I2 e) p$ ]( @1 N, ^' P+ Jmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">因果扣结一旦解开, 2 s: ?) `. y9 w Q
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是一条清晰的思路, $ a+ A0 Y, p5 z2 n" [
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"Times New Roman"">就可以写成一篇结构严密的文章。有篇关于乘火车难的社会调查, & _7 j2 X$ Q- P4 m& f
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">作者于篇首尖锐发问: & r- O/ J* U% B; c( z5 Mfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
; Q% ?6 J" P) k' [, n5 ^3 z0 s"Times New Roman"">“ G, \" z& d9 m0 C, Z- Omso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为什么乘火车难? , P/ \7 |- T0 t8 C
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">” 9 I. c" m/ M& t# A( u宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">通过和列车长的谈话, + J6 i9 c6 y/ Lfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:( k5 R1 a; v% o4 G7 X
"Times New Roman"">作者从众多现象中理出两个头绪:' c8 S: R5 r) F
! e2 w, L- [/ o3 V5 o7 Umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一是车少点儿好。 . h/ z3 l" H$ F5 o6 X
- o% l- s0 r* D) ]7 C/ Q" n* w/ A% G
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在40 7 o) V# k) p1 \- O) ?6 f
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">万人口的大兴安岭地区每天只有一趟进省城的火车, % N @; z" k d% J" b/ \* Hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
4 Q1 h5 J& F# m. i5 _! d"Times New Roman"">车往返的点儿在白天和傍晚,9 ~1 K4 f, D1 Y) r% d5 x9 `. f6 @
) N9 q8 w2 d( W7 X- l; |! b% Pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">旅客都愿而且也只能坐这趟往返于哈尔滨和加格达奇间的直通列车。二是客票票价低, 0 h" f/ i* A3 {' A. o0 Hfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
+ E2 ^/ s' ~" O. L, K"Times New Roman"">坐这趟车的卧铺下铺, / C- s) }8 [3 _& T! p5 m3 ]# f5 g; y8 Tmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">跑完7 19 " T! i# _5 @6 E5 G mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">公里 E* S6 {" s Amso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">全程才花2.70 2 {0 j- T9 |) d9 e* ~( Kmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">元(9 I# Z8 { p$ p6 ^$ R3 X$ R宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">指客票调价前), c6 f/ [8 G1 A8 p
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
( r: N+ g3 F M" X"Times New Roman"">只相当于在中、上等旅店住一宿的费用* y2 q+ d5 _/ C, a9 x12.0pt">, & i- X! g- _6 b5 P" u6 _* J9 R9 S3 U"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">既跑了点, 2 j* Y3 |# t O9 b( v e2 nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
+ ~5 P: F3 U- M) o8 }"Times New Roman"">又睡了觉, " K) c! L( ~% t% n) ^mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">何乐而不为!+ P9 {7 z5 _) P5 N2 R宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这两个原因, ( h/ E( d9 {' ^font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:1 f2 v% }' J3 ~ m/ w) C( \$ X7 e* Y
"Times New Roman"">导致了直接的结果: % O0 S1 P1 w: K u
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">人满为患, / m! g- J& e9 n" V
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">经商、开会、旅游、探亲, ! o% |7 Q- o# A" M* w3 x& G7 y
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& K& M6 U* ~9 d1 D% M" `) a# z% G2 [
"Times New Roman"">“ # H7 i5 Y* n% p1 X1 ^
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">千军万马挤火车”# r* _+ e8 `" S8 h% L8 b# X12.0pt"> 3 K2 l m, N2 w' d! S"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">。 " N; w: b8 C3 g5 J
- f% a2 @1 y8 B) y& K! J4 b
6 v4 q$ a/ G8 o. \: o# N7 U2 X8 O1 P* z. F
4 S: `; G7 E2 }% pmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">这个结果合乎逻辑, + r5 I4 V; ?0 E1 A" Y @
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">顺理成章。此例是因果式的反向, : O% U8 w8 F% ]' i( q* @
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
0 j9 ~4 O0 W0 g8 y"Times New Roman"">即果溯式, 4 o7 s& m2 d) V4 u0 M5 U5 B: \mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从结果出发, 0 {% \( K# Y& ^: N, N6 w( j0 M0 G宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">寻找原因, , g0 P2 Z# Y& ]0 W
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:8 h. }7 r7 l. F2 O
"Times New Roman"">从而回答了“ $ L9 y5 p( C' E2 s4 _% K# O% B
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">买票难、乘火车难” 5 g6 I& i& [7 u) k& d) D ~# {8 a宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">的社会热点问题。
$ M- h6 Z" z7 w& i* t' {. D+ V9 i4 M
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% q9 } X u6 P* N* h宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接关系、从属蝉联、环环紧扣,- P* ~3 U6 B+ U, m8 m \5 r2 c
( `! _: E* u6 D: g! ^- n& X( ?
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
! H5 | n% C3 S7 J5 B# }"Times New Roman"">思路在事物的承接联系中结构
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* B5 H6 L/ e' ]4 t1 ^7 q% L5 E4 K
$ R$ X1 U/ m1 H% J; J( j' Q) t* ~, N6 x4 \% I9 }
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">承接从属是事物内在的一种联系, % ~7 J2 }- w# |5 `" }8 D" ^; ?- v
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物的若干方面, % p, u, ?; S" N8 B$ bfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:; F0 k) w4 A) P) _& d8 {2 ^
"Times New Roman"">前一要素引出后一要素,* V z0 Q' F7 l0 V6 I
9 A. n) W* _- p! T
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">后一要素是前一要素的必然延伸和发展。这种结构揭示事物发展的整体特征, 5 t, P( L) g! f
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:& ?- U& z6 G U7 P+ y# m
"Times New Roman"">是认识问题的重要方法。有篇关于成人教育的专题文章,$ C0 H! l- y+ \2 A6 |宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">就是这种结构, 9 T d' G1 s' ]: K4 Q
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
9 h: [ `; s' A* o7 v"Times New Roman"">该文依次论述岗位培训的四个问题! y/ i% \, i8 M
12.0pt">: 8 o0 z" e* y# t7 S# q S) E"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">面向实际、排忧解难、师资教材、发展生产力。具体思路是这样的: ; W$ k8 y6 a0 Y+ {5 T, M6 yfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
$ x" Q2 v: }, N"Times New Roman"">岗位培训的目的是造就又红又专的职业人才& v$ V3 k8 Y1 p$ t3 L12.0pt">, 0 ^2 T2 c( K ~2 @4 L( I"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">为发展生产力服务, ) ^9 _) ` {, T3 M9 _font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:0 c$ y+ i8 e' N2 q4 X# n7 L
"Times New Roman"">所以必须面向实际; ' N8 S7 Y9 f fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而面向实际, 9 Z% L8 I2 C. E* t2 T
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">要有明确的针对性, 8 F* o! b* j8 v7 e1 g' C- P, W1 d
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
- Q4 ?1 A1 m" C3 e E% t5 O"Times New Roman"">即解决科学研究、生产实践中的难题4 o' z" B B3 K2 H+ V) \12.0pt">; 5 d( \, E/ G8 Y' z( T) o
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">而要如此, 1 w9 b$ Q2 I5 d+ d6 x+ Zfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:* x m# s) ^- H* Y( \
"Times New Roman"">又必须对教育的主导方面提出相应要求" z0 j0 R( ], s* T12.0pt">: * w/ u2 }2 |4 ^" T6 G
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">师资队伍和教材建设; 3 n3 Q: j* a/ H( x. [; k4 l
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
: v n* W7 K* s: o" Q0 Y"Times New Roman"">最后从宏观上概括, 1 j+ W, [2 \" ^" w7 e
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">搞好岗位培训的最终目的是发展社会生产力。这样层层相连、环环衔接, 8 ?$ G$ y/ Y# b6 M& ]$ s) }) x' w$ ~font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:1 t8 m* M2 s: w- {8 a, ]7 n( p
"Times New Roman"">使文章形成了回环蝉联的闭合系统$ ]3 W) T+ u& z! V3 }4 H12.0pt">:
7 ?% R$ h, f0 i0 b. L. M, ?0 s6 M
& c+ W% x4 Z+ i- K. u: D& s 5 Z) F/ V* g! u, L5 z' \* E
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">已面向实际一排优解难一师资教“ $ f; w+ N" d `/ E# a
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">一发” 3 A' G X. E9 P" s2 A宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">生产“〕
+ R; y6 T) o$ l6 G8 o
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mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman""> 6 S( H) y# ^! ]% T* f+ }/ F: F- T
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman""> 4 v, h( Z! |: L4 q
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宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">总分关系、先总后分、先分后总,
; I6 ^( y v) _: C5 p0 \, G# S' [, g+ U2 e5 q; q0 r) Ifont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:$ `; O( W; r+ d1 C a- x0 z
"Times New Roman"">思路在总分关系中结构
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$ t8 n- w- ]: J0 X% T4 M9 B3 umso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">事物总是由若干部分构成一个整体, - i! l3 }9 d6 _) C% o3 c+ Q
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:1 `4 R1 f, b o! F. c& _' g3 r
"Times New Roman"">而整体又呈现了个别、具体的丰富性。思路可先在总体或宏观上展现事物的概貌, ) A6 W7 M2 G8 E: ~ p4 s7 [' Y* u宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后由此分述各组成部分的具体内容, 7 c/ D9 h+ q, p/ @. l% O' g2 B* Q
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
. W2 q) h1 U5 I1 Y: v+ |"Times New Roman"">在先总后分的顺序中运思,& x+ x1 x4 P) {2 C, w
; t2 Z4 {# Z) fmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">把握问题。反之亦可从各组成要素上具体分述, 0 Z% i2 n/ C! X( g% ~/ h' f U* D
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:6 z$ ~2 F7 \7 |6 X: k
"Times New Roman"">揭示个性特征, 4 Z) l/ `" n/ W/ B9 d+ S
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">然后在共性联系上概括深化, 3 s2 U c& Q: }+ w
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">在先分后总的过程中认识事物。这种结构形式大多表现于记人叙事类文体。如: : |/ |6 A: b2 g. K* {
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:: o0 S G' V% @) |- w3 O
"Times New Roman"">记叙一个人, / a4 Y4 x0 @) \- s5 [ e3 ymso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">可先从总体上概括这个人的基本面貌, $ {1 t( [2 ^0 [* C, d0 nfont-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:5 H# B1 }4 N5 g( C
"Times New Roman"">而后从其音容笑貌、思想品格、个性特点、兴趣爱好等不同侧面加以具体表现, . j1 w; r( o( d宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">从而让读者完整地认识这个人。
8 c* K) i; f( t6 B- G% x+ w( f% P0 k" H) E% W, t
]. `/ g8 ?6 D" F; s% ^8 T
, Z; `9 f* ^5 C4 T6 D' J1 f* ^5 X) u# U' \mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">以上是秘书写作中经常运用的几种逻辑结构。它建立在作者对事物的辩证认识上,- y- _2 A% c% a: S r" g# p4 \
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
8 t* C* O+ F, T" b2 i; U1 V"Times New Roman"">形成大致的框架。而这种框架格局一经确定0 \) h$ B. E* b# H0 }* W
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"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">又会帮助作者更清晰、深刻地阐明问题。但它的形成, 3 |8 J6 Z, [/ g0 B; D3 y9 m* t
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"Times New Roman"">需要一个触发点。譬如:" p: ]: ]6 o! D3 R5 S6 lmso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对联系环节上的一道点拔, 9 W3 b4 ]6 Y4 c, \% X宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">对现象本质的一个醒悟、对分化组合的一点突破, 0 q* }! C5 ^; D: ]4 J
font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
) T& V3 t( m8 W" o8 ~7 U/ I, i8 v"Times New Roman"">都会由此激起灵感, h6 x+ S$ v2 r$ R! \2 N! u
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">科学地把握事物的发展过程和表现形态, 6 O% e I- f5 ^) H* e" c' {' Q
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4 a' L! l9 Q7 Z! t' q* F/ A"Times New Roman"">从而形成完整的结构格局。正如一位名家所言: , R" H5 Y' B1 a* @" u
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">“ - `2 Q7 t! f4 y$ v% _ l* A9 f宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"">构思的产生和闪电的产生一样, * a5 l2 ~* u0 m) n0 q( k
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5 d. I0 ~9 `7 N& |"Times New Roman"">有时需要轻微的刺激。”作者:王华俊 |